In 480 BC, Xerxes the Great, the fourth king of the Achaemenid Empire, launched the largest invasion the Greek world had yet faced. Xerxes’s father Darius I had already attempted to subdue Greece but was defeated at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. Xerxes inherited both the empire and the unfinished ambition.
After suppressing revolts in Egypt and Babylon, he spent years preparing a massive expedition. Bridges of boats were constructed across the Hellespont (modern Dardanelles), and a canal was dug through the Athos peninsula to prevent naval disasters like the one that had wrecked an earlier Persian fleet.

The Battle of Salamis by Wilhelm von Kaulbach (1804-1874).
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